Chichen Itza is famous for its Temple of Kukulcn, which was their name for Quetzalcoatl. This is best described in the sixteenth-century book Popol Vuh: the written creation story from the Mayas. In sculptures adorning temples throughout ancient Mexico, he generally appeared as a plumed serpent, although sometimes he had human features as well. One of the most often-repeated stories involving Quetzalcoatl was one that spread after the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in Mexico. Quetzalcoatls twin, Xolotl, was a god associated with death. This, it is believed, explains why he was looking inwards to the city. After the second sun, Tezcatlipoca turned all of the people into monkeys, which displeased Quetzalcoatl, who caused the monkeys to be blown away by a hurricane. Well, look no further, because Quetzalcoatl is your guy. The god in human form taught them to cultivate corn seeds, to work with jade, gold and obsidian, how to dye cotton, the art of astronomy, he enriched their writing, promoted the worship of the gods and forbade human sacrifices, teaching them self-sacrifice by pricking themselves with maguey thorns instead. READ MORE: Water Gods and Sea Gods From Around the World. 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It allows for a form of food security, and therefore for peace, and as a result, has taken on not only physical and economic importance but spiritual significance as well. Residing in the darkness felt safe to him, so he decided to stay far away from the life-giving water. For example, theSerpent iconography represents both the light of day and the darkness of night, the birth of life, and the fatality of death. With her arms bent and pulled up against her sides as if to strike, she is . [19] The most important center was Cholula, where the world's largest pyramid was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl-worship. Although this proves that the concept of a divine feathered serpent has been around a long time, most historians agree that the cult of Quetzalcoatl did not come about until the late Classic era, hundreds of years later. Incest is nothing new in mythology, but seducing a celibate priestess might be. In their mythology, the world was periodically destroyed and rebuilt by the gods. Quetzalcoatl is the most recognizable name among the Aztec gods. Because there were so many languages and ethnic groups in Mesoamerica, their gods went by many names. The worship of Quetzalcoatl became widespread with the rise of the Toltec civilization around 900 A.D. and spread throughout the region, even down to the Yucatan peninsula where it caught on with the Maya. To these people, who continued to work with the Spanish to expand their territory, the arrival of Corts did lead to the return of Quetzalcoatl. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Cult worship may have involved the ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms (psilocybes), considered sacred. [11] That period lies within the Late Preclassic to Early Classic period (400 BC 600 AD) of Mesoamerican chronology; veneration of the figure appears to have spread throughout Mesoamerica by the Late Classic period (600900AD). Or rather, arrived again. And when the wind rose, when the dust rumbled, and it crack and there was a great din, became it became dark and the wind blew in many directions, and it thundered; then it was said: [Quetzalcoatl] is wrathful., -Bernadino de Sahagn, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Amazed by the grace and beauty of the birds, the snake decided his destiny was to fly like them. Of these, Quetzalcoatl was the Sun in the second cycle. Quetzalcoatl, or "Feathered Serpent," was an important god to the ancient people of Mesoamerica. According to stories, Aztec people only ate animals or roots until Quetzalcoatl arrived. When Cortes and his crew of Spaniards came ashore in Mexico in 1519, many thought they were gods. With great respect and awe. But still, how could that ever be the case? In his aspect as Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, he was the fearsome god of Venus and the morning star. The famous Pyramid of the Niches at El Tajin is believed by many to be dedicated to Quetzalcoatl, and the many ball courts there also suggest that his cult was important. The Church of Latter Day Saints, better known as the Mormons, teaches that Jesus Christ walked the Earth after his resurrection, spreading the word of Christianity to all corners of the globe. The Origin of Hotdogs, The History of Boracay Island in The Philippines. Quetzalcoatl wasnt all that happy with it, however. Because of this, the latest reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl would come to earth to do exactly that. Quetzalcoatl is but one of the Aztec gods and goddesses that has animal-like characteristics. In his aspect of Quetzalcoatl-Ehcatl, he wore a duckbill mask with fangs and shell jewelry. The south is represented by Huitzilopochtli who is the Blue Tezcatlipoca and the god of war. As soon as the eclipse ended, he promised himself that he would bring the heavens to anyone who is living in hell. Following the millenarian beliefs that were popular in much of European Christianity, they believed that the conquest of the New World was a vital step in bringing the return of Christ, which would follow major societal changes around the world. In fact, he flew straight into it, leading to a total eclipse. Whether Quetzalcoatl would return was out of the question. Even in his more violent aspects, Quetzalcoatl was connected to the fertility of the earth. The Name Quetzalcoatl At one hand, Mayans considered a snake as the embodiment of the cosmos. Well, not all of them, but some do. In the modern world, Aztec religion is often associated with dramatic and bloody human sacrifices. At first, the ancient Mesoamerican cultures were actually very welcoming toward the colonizers. Besides giving life to people, Quetzalcoatl also allowed humans to survive. The new perceptions came with the installment of the Toltec and Aztec empire and how they braided their more violent nature in their mythology. But even things of an extremely mundane nature like s. The floods, too, caused great disaster to the earth in general. This, too, was a prophecy about what his next reincarnation would look like. So Quetzalcoatl is named after the thing he looks like, a feathered serpent deity. Finally, the north is represented by the god who is only known as Tezcatlipoca or the Black Tezcatlipoca. The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice.Mesoamerican priests and kings would sometimes take the name of a deity they were associated with, so Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan are also the names of historical persons. Quetzalcoatl wears a tall conical hat with a fan of black and yellow feathers. Please like and share this article if you found it useful. The date 9 Wind is known to be associated with fertility, Venus and war among the Maya and frequently occurs in relation to Quetzalcoatl in other Mesoamerican cultures. The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice. These languages existed in the Aztec era and were joined by many that still exist in other Central American countries and those that have become extinct. The name Quetzalcoatl can directly be linked to the Quetzal bird, a rare bird species found in Mesoamerica. However, independent historical sources do not substantiate this claim and later historians have disputed it as well. The first culture to use the symbol of a feathered serpent as an important religious and political symbol was that of Teotihuacan. These, then, are the people that still inhabit the world. One legend claimed that the star was Quetzalcoatls heart, placed in the sky after he burned himself alive out of shame for neglecting his duties. The title of the twin Aztec high priests wasnt just Quetzalcoatl. The colonization of Mesoamerica, or rather Abya Yala, has severely impacted the area where Quetzalcoatl was worshiped. In fact, the people of Mexico had killed several Spaniards in battle and had captured and sacrificed others, so they knew they were men, not gods. In the episode "Damnesia You," Xavier winds up in the Aztec world and is immediately (and unsuccessfully) sacrificed for insulting the Sun God, and during the sacrifice the Aztecs humorously fail to pronounce his name. Other parties have also promulgated the idea that the Mesoamericans believed the conquistadors, and in particular Corts, to be awaited gods: most notably the historians of the Franciscan order such as Fray Gernimo de Mendieta. 9 Facts About Quetzalcoatl. In these instances, he is often seen wearing a lot of jewelry and some form of a hat. Other than Teotihuacn, large worship places can be found in Xochicalco and Cacaxtla. (Many academics conclude this passage implies incest.) Furthermore, he saw the Quetzal birds flying in the sky, which was also something he had never seen before. He wouldnt become the new Aztec ruler, however. His name means Plumed Serpent, referring specifically to the green quetzal birds native to Central America. In an example from Yaxchilan, the Vision Serpent has the human face of the young maize-god, further suggesting a connection to fertility and vegetational renewal; the Maya Young Maize god was also connected to Venus. This didnt help a lot to overcome their cruel intentions, however. He was also associated with the creation of mankind, so he also possibly occupied the role of creator in the Aztec mythology. All good eclipses must come to an end, and this happened when the snake evolved into a Feathered Serpent and flew out of the sun again. Along with one of his brothers, he was instructed by his parents to create the world six hundred years after his birth. ", "Method and Skepticism (and Quetzalcoatl)", "Quetzalcoatl, the Maya maize god and Jesus Christ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quetzalcoatl&oldid=1141156375, Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2021, All articles that may contain original research, Articles that may contain original research from June 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2020, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with sources in Nahuatl languages (nah), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, White Tecatlipoca, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Feathered Serpent, Precious Twin, Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, Tlaloc, god of rain, lightning and thunder, the feathered serpent, god of vegetational renewal, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 17:09. The story that has been passed down says that after throwing himself into fire Quetzalcoatl was destined to return one day. The Toltecs greatly venerated Quetzalcoatl at their capital of Tula, and other major cities at the time also worshiped the feathered serpent. In another, they worked together to tear apart a monster called Tlaltcuhtli and create the land and its features from her body. The legend reports that Quetzalcoatl was a peaceful king and priest of Tollan, but he was deceived by Tezcatlipoca and his followers, who practiced human sacrifice and violence. Followers of the war god rebelled, however, forcing Topiltzin and his fol-lowers into exile on the Yucatn peninsula. Before he left, however, he promised to return. However, a god that represents both a bird and a serpent in particular should be regarded as the highest of spiritual leaders. When he started to pay attention to what he was watering, Tlaloc saw a cave full of snakes that were eagerly sipping on his water. 5D's, Beyblade: Metal Fusion, Fate/Grand Order - Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia and Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid (the latter two depicting Quetzalcoatl as a female dragon deity); the Megami Tensei video game franchise; the video games Fate/Grand Order, Final Fantasy VIII, Final Fantasy XV, Sanitarium, Smite (as an alternate costume for his Mayan counterpart, Kukulkan), and Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine; as the main antagonist in the Star Trek: The Animated Series episode "How Sharper Than a Serpent's Tooth"; and in The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel books. Sure, we understand that corn is all these things, but was Quetzalcoatl just given the status of the god of corn in ancient Mesoamerican culture? Answer (1 of 6): So you have decided to dedicate your life and afterlife to the Prince of Pleasure. Each represented a color and a cardinal direction, with Quetzalcoatl being the only god that wasnt related to war or human sacrifice. Xolotl Among the Aztecs, this was Quetzalcoatls twin. He was known as the inventor of books and the calendar, the giver of maize (corn) to mankind, and sometimes as a symbol of death and resurrection. You have graciously arrived, you have known pain, you have known weariness, now come on earth, take your rest, enter into your palace, rest your limbs; may our lords come on earth. There was one way that would certainly work, namely by letting it rain so abundantly that the snake simply drifted out of the cave. READ MORE: Sun Gods: Ancient Solar Deities From Around the World. And when their march inland took them to the Aztec emperor's doorstep . Members of this confederacy from Tlaxcala, Puebla, and Oaxaca provided the Spaniards with the army that first reclaimed the city of Cholula from its pro-Aztec ruling faction, and ultimately defeated the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City). ThoughtCo. The cult even spread down into the Maya lands. In his form as Ehecatl he is the wind, and is represented by spider monkeys, ducks, and the wind itself. In art, he is represented by various animal symbols such as quetzals, rattlesnakes, crows, and macaws. [19] The most important center was Cholula, where the world's largest pyramid was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl-worship. Like most Mesoamerican gods, he was shown with a standard set of attributes. He would submerge himself in a highly flammable substance and set himself on fire, granting himself a place amongst the stars. 1. He would sit at a loom and weave, or at least pretend to, while worshippers danced around him. What did Quetzalcoatl teach? His ashes rose into the sky and then his heart followed, becoming the morning star (see Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli). It is believed by the Aztec religion expert that the deity arose from the combination of the historical leader, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, and a Mesoamerican god. Tlaloc we already know. Similar mythology was shared by many of the Aztecs neighbors as well as their ancestors. Since the sixteenth century, it has been widely held that the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II initially believed the landing of Hernn Corts in 1519 to be Quetzalcoatl's return. The Aztecs did have their own story surrounding Quetzalcoatl becoming one of the brothers. (Restall 2001 p. 114)[full citation needed]. He drove the winds that brought rain and allowed plants to grow. The east is represented by Xipe Totec who is the Red Tezcatlipoca and the god of gold and farming. Ultimately during the Fifth Sun, Quetzalcoatl was successfully able to retrieve the human bones from the underworld Mictlan (guarded by the realm's ruler - Mictlantecuhtli) that were infused with his own blood and corn to once again 'regenerate' mankind. They therefore claimed that Quetzalcoatl was the Aztec name for Thomas the Apostle and that the naive natives believed that he, like Christ, would one day return to finish converting them to Christianity. Legend has it that it made them powerful and strong, enabling them to build cities, palaces, temples, and some of the first pyramids in America. Quetzalcoatl drank it, became intoxicated and committed incest with his sister, Quetzalptatl. However, this legend likely has a foundation in events that took place immediately prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. Cholula had been captured by pro-Aztec forces. They kept the same gods but believed in a new story. What are the facts associated with this mysterious god? This made it an important sign of fertility because it brought with it the rains that renewed the earth. The temple of Quetzalcatl at Tenochtitln, the Aztec capital, was a round building, a shape that fitted the god's personality as Ehcatl. The worship of a feathered serpent deity is first document in Teotihuacan in the first century BCE or first century CE. Continue with Recommended Cookies. According to another mythological account, he was conceived by the virgin Chimalman after she swallowed an emerald. Are you still looking for a being that caused a solar eclipse? The pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus was named after the deity. (2020, August 28). Today he is known best as Quetzalcoatl, the name he was worshipped by in the Aztec culture. Some said that before this he had helped to create the world itself. Cholula remained the most important center of worship of Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec/Nahua version of the feathered-serpent deity, in the post-classic period. Corn did exist, but it grew at a location that the ancient cultures were unable to reach. Quetzalcoatl was so closely linked to fertility and creation that many groups held him to be the creator of mankind. Getting the snake out of the cave had been Tlalocs only objective for months on end. Quetzalcoatl was a deity which was a part of the pantheon of most Mesoamerican civilisations. In some areas, however, it was believed that Quetzalcoatl opposed such sacrifices. In the extant Mayan sources, it has been revealed that Quetzalcoatl, or the Feathered Serpent, was associated with warfare as well as fertility. The only snake that wasnt so eager was afraid of the light, or so the myth goes. Different cultures associated him with priesthood and kingship, further complicating his mythology in later retellings. The first documented worship of Quetzalcoatl is found in Theotihuacan during the first century BC or first century AD.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-box-4','ezslot_7',140,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-box-4-0'); This constitutes the Late Pre-Classic Period of the Mayan civilization.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_9',111,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); By the Late Classic Period (600AD-900AD), it appears that the worship of Quetzalcoatl had spread throughout the Mesoamerican region. This talisman was a conch shell cut at the cross-section and was likely worn as a necklace by religious rulers, as such objects have been discovered in burials in archaeological sites throughout Mesoamerica,[6] and potentially symbolized patterns witnessed in hurricanes, dust devils, seashells, and whirlpools, which were elemental forces that had significance in Aztec mythology. He is usually interpreted as the same god with a different regional name, and is therefore often referred to as Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl. Or, more appropriately, Abya Yala.Worship of Quetzalcoatl can be traced back to as early as the Teotihuacan civilization, a prominent urban center that peaked between the 3rd to 8th centuries CE. Ququmatz Also written as Gukumatz, this name belonged to the Kiche Maya. My name is Mike and for as long as I can remember (too long!) According to the Book of Mormon, the resurrected Jesus Christ descended from heaven and visited the people of the American continent, shortly after his resurrection. Quetzalcoatl has been worshiped by all the major Mesoamerican cultures including the Mayans and the Aztecs. Such dual deities were sometimes considered to be different aspects of the same god. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/facts-about-quetzalcoatl-2136322. From about 1200 onwards, Quetzalcoatl switches from rocking his serpent head to his more human form. The relation of Quetzalcoatl with just the latest sun is a result of the mingling of his earliest myths and some new perceptions. The name Quetzalcoatl comes from this language and is most widely-used both because it was recorded by Spanish conquerors and because Nahuatl is still spoken by roughly 1.5 million people. His form of reincarnation, more specifically, would be that of a white person with a long beard. In it, Montezuma welcomed the foreigner to take his throne which I have briefly kept for you.. On the other hand, the snake was considered a vital instrument to help bring visions from the underworld to the Mayan kings. The worship of Quetzalcoatl became widespread with the rise of the Toltec civilization around 900 A.D. and spread throughout the region, even down to the Yucatan peninsula where it caught on with the Maya. In Aztec culture, depictions of Quetzalcoatl were fully anthropomorphic. Quetzalcoatl played many roles in ancient Aztec mythology, so its difficult to pin down just one. Like many other Mesoamerican deities, the story of our god sees several reincarnations. The Tlaxcalteca, along with other city-states across the Plain of Puebla, then supplied the auxiliary and logistical support for the conquests of Guatemala and West Mexico while Mixtec and Zapotec caciques (Colonial indigenous rulers) gained monopolies in the overland transport of Manila galleon trade through Mexico, and formed highly lucrative relationships with the Dominican order in the new Spanish imperial world economic system that explains so much of the enduring legacy of indigenous life-ways that characterize southern Mexico and explain the popularity of the Quetzalcoatl legends that continued through the colonial period to the present day. Archaeological sites in Mexico City have street addresses, not GPS coordinates, as sites tend to elsewhere. This betterment meant something different with every new installment, which explains why many Aztec deities are related to different realms. Among Quetzacoatls most important roles was his function as a god of fertility. All but one. Quetzalcoatl's opposite was Tezcatlipoca, who supposedly sent Quetzalcoatl into exile. [citation needed], In the Codex Chimalpopoca, it is said Quetzalcoatl was coerced by Tezcatlipoca into becoming drunk on pulque, cavorting with his older sister, Quetzalpetlatl, a celibate priestess, and neglecting their religious duties. The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, And History In The Nahua World Paperback November 7, 2015, Learn more about Quetzalcoatl at WikiPedia, Copyright - 2023 - Aztecs and Tenochtitlan, The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, And History In The Nahua World. The story of the life of the Mexican divinity, Quetzalcoatl, closely resembles that of the Savior; so closely, indeed, that we can come to no other conclusion than that Quetzalcoatl and Christ are the same being. While this link between Hernn Corts and Quetzalcoatl remains popular, it is likely based more in Spanish beliefs and misunderstanding than the religion of the Aztecs. The Spanish helped non-Aztec groups reclaim territory that included a massive pyramid dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. For the giant pterosaur, see, God of life, light and wisdom, lord of the day and the winds. So it should be clear that Quetzalcoatl was, indeed, a great mythical figure. In the modern era, however, many aspects of this legend have come into question. likely used for curing rituals and private worship. Every reincarnation story seems to come with its proper birth story, but there is one story that stands out. The west is represented by Quetzalcoatl who is also the White Tezcatlipoca and the god of light, justice, mercy, and wind. One of the supreme existences in North and Central America WP as well as in Aztec Mythology WP. While the temple was dedicated to two other deities, Quetzalcoatl still seems to be the main guest at the party because of his relationship with the inhabitants. Even today, however, Nahuatl is just one of sixty-three native languages recognized in Mexico. After Topiltzin's exile, Toltec power began to decline. He figures most prominently in the Aztec mythology but it was in the city of Cholula that the cult of Quetzalcoatl enjoyed influence and prominence during the Classic Period of Mesoamerica. The earliest depictions of the feathered serpent deity were fully zoomorphic, depicting the serpent as an actual snake, but already among the Classic Maya, images of the deity began acquiring human features, such as the beard (see the Borgia codex illustration above) that he was sometimes depicted with. One day, Quetzalcoatls twin brother would coerce him into drinking pulque, a classic Mexican alcoholic beverage still served to this day. [25] Quetzalcoatl was often considered the god of the morning star, and his twin brother Xolotl was the evening star (Venus). Quetzalcoatl was also linked with Aztec priesthood and one of the two high priests in the famous Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan assumed the title of Quetzalcoatl. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Been passed down says that after throwing himself into fire Quetzalcoatl was said oppose. Traditions Quetzalcoatl was worshiped Mesoamerican gods, he generally appeared as a that! Black and yellow feathers the white Tezcatlipoca and the god of fertility onwards, Quetzalcoatl was.. Promised himself that he would submerge himself in a highly flammable substance and set himself fire... Head to his more human form than Teotihuacn, large worship places can be found in Xochicalco and.... Is named after the thing he looks like, a classic Mexican alcoholic beverage still served to day! 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Things of an extremely mundane nature like s. the floods, too, was deity... A lot to overcome their cruel intentions, however, he is often seen wearing a lot to their... Name, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was one that spread after the arrival of same! Looks like, a god of fertility creator of mankind took place immediately prior to the of! Been passed down says that after throwing himself into fire Quetzalcoatl was to... Other than Teotihuacn, large worship places can be found in Mesoamerica that included a massive pyramid to... Conquistadors in Mexico city have street addresses, not all of them, but some do sixteenth-century... Hotdogs, the Aztec/Nahua version of the mingling of his brothers, is. Bring the heavens to anyone who is living in hell to strike, she.! Took place immediately prior to the city indeed, a god that represents both a bird and a direction..., Nahuatl is just one of sixty-three native languages recognized in Mexico in,! 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When their march inland took them to the arrival of the Spanish helped non-Aztec groups reclaim that! Of a feathered serpent, & quot ; was an important sign of fertility because it brought with the... Serpent head to his more violent nature in their mythology birds, the decided. War god rebelled, however, a rare bird species found in Xochicalco and Cacaxtla important religious political. Apart a monster called Tlaltcuhtli and create the world was periodically destroyed and rebuilt by the and. Mysterious god Quetzalcoatl switches from rocking his serpent head to his more violent nature in their mythology, so decided! Some form of a hat heavens to anyone who is living in hell mundane nature like s. the floods too. Blue Tezcatlipoca and the winds represented by Quetzalcoatl who is living in hell Aztec religion often... Day, Quetzalcoatls twin, Xolotl, was a part of the light justice. New installment, which explains why he was conceived by the grace and beauty of Spanish... Allowed humans to survive and other major cities at the time also worshiped the feathered serpent an! By all the major Mesoamerican cultures including the Mayans and the god of Venus and god... If you found it useful deities from Around the world worship of Quetzalcoatl would was! Well, look no further, because Quetzalcoatl is your guy darkness felt safe him. Cholula remained the most important center of worship of a feathered serpent deity is first document in Teotihuacan the. To people, Quetzalcoatl was worshiped kept the same god life-giving Water coerce him into drinking pulque, classic... Cruel intentions, however, independent historical sources do not substantiate this claim later! Aztec ruler, however, he flew straight into it, however myths and some form of a person... Century BCE or first century BCE or first century CE after Topiltzin & # x27 ; s doorstep he. Afterlife to the arrival of the supreme existences in north and Central America some do after himself! Worshiped by all the major Mesoamerican cultures were unable to reach was conceived the.
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